Espiritualidad, vocación y sentido. Recursos generales de resistencia para profesionales de enfermería según la figura de San Juan de Dios / Espiritualidade, vocação e significado. Recursos gerais de resistência para profissionais de enfermagem segundo a figura de São João de Deus / Spirituality, vocation, and meaning. General resistance resources for nursing professionals according to the figure of Saint John of God

Este artículo tiene como objetivo elaborar una reflexión haciaaquellos elementos que actuaron como recursos espirituales enel proceso de formación de San Juan de Dios como enfermeroy elaborar una serie de aportaciones actuales para reforzar elsentido de coherencia de las enfermeras post pandemia. Seutilizó la metodología historiográfica aplicada a historia de laenfermería para la reconstrucción de la memoria profesional,tomando como referencia y ejemplo la figura de San Juan deDios y se recogieron los elementos siguiendo la herramientade valoración espiritual FICA. Los textos muestran a Juan deDios con un sentido de coherencia interna que se hizo posiblea través de los recursos psico-espirituales de la época. Éstosfacilitaron encontrar y desarrollar la vocación propia y lamotivación para desarrollarla y alcanzar la autorrealización.La propuesta es contemplar en la profesionalización enfermeraun cuidado por paraklesis, que implica presencia personal,actitud dialogal y palabra sapiencial, luminosa y alentadorasiguiendo el modelo de San Juan de Dios, y su relación conel modelo de valoración espiritual FICA.(AU)

This article aims to elaborate a reflection on the elementsthat were spiritual resources during the formation of SaintJohn of God as a nurse.It is also to elaborate a series of current contributions to reinforcethe nurses’sense of coherence within post-pandemic context.The historiographical methodology applied to nursing history was used for the reconstruction of professional memory, takingthe figure of Saint John of God as a reference and example.Thetexts show John of God with a sense of internal coherence.It was possible through the psycho-spiritual resources of thetime. These made it easier for him to find and develop hisown vocation and the motivation to develop it and achieveself-realization. Our proposal is to contemplate in nursingprofessionalization a care for paraklesis, which impliespersonal presence, dialogical attitude and wise, luminousand encouraging word following the model of Saint John ofGod and it relationship with FICA evaluation Model.(AU)

Este artigo tem como objetivo elaborar uma reflexão sobre oselementos que atuaram como recursos espirituais no processode formação de São João de Deus como enfermeiro e elaboraruma série de contribuições atuais para reforçar o sentidode coerência das enfermeiras pós-pandemia. Foi utilizada ametodologia historiográfica aplicada à história da enfermagempara a reconstrução da memória profissional, tendo comoreferência e exemplo a figura de São João de Deus, e oselementos foram coletados seguindo a ferramenta de avaliaçãoespiritual FICA. Os textos mostram São João de Deus comum sentido de coerência interna que se tornou possível pormeio dos recursos psico-espirituais da época. Estes facilitaramencontrar e desenvolver a vocação própria, bem como amotivação para desenvolvê-la e alcançar a autorrealização. Aproposta é contemplar na profissionalização da enfermeiraum cuidado por paraklesis, que implica presença pessoal,atitude dialógica e palavra sapiencial, luminosa e encorajadora,seguindo o modelo de São João de Deus e sua relação como modelo de avaliação espiritual FICA.(AU)

El consumo colectivo de alcohol en jóvenes: un estudio cualitativo con perspectiva de género / O consumo coletivo de álcool em jovens: um estudo qualitativo com perspectiva de gênero / Binge drinking in young people: a qualitative study with a gender perspective

Objective. To explore the discourses and opinions about the collective consumption of alcohol with a gender perspective in university students. Methodology. Qualitative descriptive study. Information was collected through discussion groups in Seville in February and March 2019. 32 first-year nursing students participated. For data analysis, the Taylor & Bogdan steps were followed and a matrix was used for the categorization process. Four groups were made, aged between 18-24 years.Results. The following categories were obtained: type and form of consumption, social roles and behaviors.Conclusions. Gender differences are reflected in the students' discourse, highlighting the dissimilarities in behavior between genders and the greater guilt suffered by women. The female gender is the most noted for exceeding the limits and the most vulnerable in nightlife. This suggests the need to generate interventions aimed at redefining the stereotypes of the patriarchal model associated with gender and alcohol consumption, in order to minimize risk behaviors in youth leisure.(AU)

Objetivo. Explorar los discursos y opiniones acerca del consumo colectivo de alcohol con perspectiva de género en jóvenes universitarios. Metodología. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo. La recogida de información se realizó mediante grupos de discusión en Sevilla en febrero y marzo de 2019. Participaron 32 estudiantes de enfermería de primer curso. Para el análisis de los datos se siguieron los pasos de Taylor & Bogdan y se utilizó una matriz para el proceso de categorización. Se hicieron cuatro grupos, de edad entre 18-24 años. Resultados. Se obtuvieron las siguientes categorías: tipología y forma de consumo, roles sociales y conductas. Conclusiones. Las diferencias de género quedan plasmadas en el discurso del alumnado, destacando las disimilitudes de conducta entre géneros y la mayor culpabilidad que sufren las mujeres. El género femenino es el más señalado al exceder los límites y el más vulnerable en el ocio nocturno. Esto sugiere la necesidad de generar intervenciones orientadas a resignificar los estereotipos del modelo patriarcal asociados al género y al consumo de alcohol, para minimizar conductas de riesgo en el ocio juvenil.(AU)

Objetivo. Explorar os discursos e opiniões sobre o consumo coletivo de álcool com perspectiva de gênero em estudantes universitários. Metodologia. Estudo descritivo qualitativo. As informações foram coletadas por meio de grupos de discussão em Sevilha em fevereiro e março de 2019. Participaram 32 estudantes de enfermagem do primeiro ano. Para análise dos dados, seguiramse os passos de Taylor & Bogdan e utilizouse uma matriz para o processo de categorização. Foram constituídos quatro grupos, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 24 anos. Resultados. Obtiveramse as seguintes categorias: tipo e forma de consumo, papéis sociais e comportamentos.Conclusões. As diferenças de gênero se refletem no discurso dos alunos, destacandose as diferenças de comportamento entre os gêneros e a maior culpa sofrida pelas mulheres. O gênero feminino é o mais destacado por ultrapassar os limites e o mais vulnerável na vida noturna. Isso sugere a necessidade de gerar intervenções que visem a redefinição dos estereótipos do modelo patriarcal associados ao gênero e ao consumo de álcool, a fim de minimizar comportamentos de risco no lazer juvenil.(AU)

Safe Care and Medication Intake Provided by Caregivers at Home: Reality Care Study Protocol.

JUSTIFICATION: Providing care to patients with several conditions and simultaneously taking several medications at home is inexorably growing in developed countries. This trend increases the chances of home caregivers experiencing diverse errors related with medication or care. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of four different educational solutions compared to the natural intervention (absence of intervention) to provide a safer care at home by caregivers. METHOD: Prospective, parallel, and mixed research study with two phases. Candidates: Home-based caregivers caring a person with multiple comorbid conditions or polymedication who falls into one of the three profiles of patients defined for the study (oncology, cardiovascular, or pluripathological patients). First phase: Experts first answered an online survey, and then joined together to discuss the design and plan the content of educational solutions directed to caregivers including the identification of medication and home care errors, their causes, consequences, and risk factors. Second phase: The true experiment was performed using an inter- and intrasubject single-factor experimental design (five groups: four experimental groups against the natural intervention (control), with pre- and post-intervention and follow-up measures) with a simple random assignment, to determine the most effective educational solution (n = 350 participants). The participants will be trained on the educational solutions through 360 V, VR, web-based information, or psychoeducation. A group of professionals called the "Gold Standard" will be used to set a performance threshold for the caring or medication activities. The study will be carried out in primary care centers, hospitals, and caregivers' associations in the Valencian Community, Andalusia, Madrid, and Murcia. EXPECTED RESULTS: We expect to identify critical elements of risk management at home for caregivers and to find the most effective and optimal educational solution to reduce errors at home, increasing caregivers' motivation and self-efficacy whilst the impact of gender bias in this activity is reduced. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial NCT05885334.

Intersexuality/Differences of Sex Development through the Discourse of Intersex People, Their Relatives, and Health Experts: A Descriptive Qualitative Study.

Intersex/differences of sex development (DSD) conditions are divergences among genitalia, gonads, and chromosome patterns. These variances have been present for millennia and socially defined according to the cultural system established. The aim of this study is to describe the perspectives of adult intersex/DSD people, their relatives, and intersex/DSD expert professionals in Spain. A descriptive qualitative study design was adopted. The study was carried out in several locations in Spain. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted and addressed to 12 participants (4 intersex/DSD people, 3 relatives, and 5 professional experts). A total of 4 spheres, 10 categories, and 26 subcategories were obtained. The number of verbatims obtained in each of the spheres described were intersex/DSD as a community (n = 54), health sphere approach (n = 77), law sphere approach (n = 12), and psychosocial approach (n = 73). Regarding intersex/DSD as a community sphere, there is a clear need of promoting education on sex and body diversity. With respect to the health sphere, it is mentioned the inadequacy of services and how this has a negative impact on the health of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the law sphere, it is highlighted the need of designing legislations at a national level which protect and defend the rights of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the psychosocial sphere, these people suffer from social isolation, secrecy, shame, self-identity questioning, and mental disorders that negatively impact their quality of life.

Promoción de la salud: las enfermeras con la población adolescente en la violencia de género / Health promotion: nurses with adolescents in gender-based violence

Objetivo: Explorar las prácticas de promoción de la salud de las enfermeras de atención primaria en la violencia de género con la población adolescente. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo a través de grupos de discusión y entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Participaron 37 informantes, 23 enfermeras y 14 enfermeros, vinculados a atención primaria de Sevilla y provincia. Se llevó a cabo un análisis del contenido con el software QSR NudisNVivo12®. Resultados: Del análisis emergen varias categorías: prácticas para la educación de la población adolescente, prácticas para la detección de situaciones desigualitarias y prácticas para intervenir en la violencia en el noviazgo. Conclusiones: Enfermeras y enfermeros realizan intervenciones educativas promoviendo relaciones igualitarias, con diferentes técnicas. Solo las enfermeras realizan cribado y asesorías para detectar casos. Enfermeras y enfermeros realizan intervenciones para interrumpir relaciones abusivas. Se evidencia sensibilidad a la violencia de género y la necesidad de evaluar la efectividad y la rentabilidad de las intervenciones realizadas.(AU)

Objective: Explore the health promotion practices of primary care nurses in gender violence with the adolescents. Methods: Qualitative study with discussion groups and semi-structured interviews. 37 informants participated, 23 female nurses and 14 male nurses, of primary care in Seville and the province. A content analysis was carried out with the QSR NudisNVivo12® software. Results: Several categories emerge from the analysis: practices for the education of the adolescents, practices for detecting and practices for intervening in dating violence. Conclusions: Female nurses and male nurses carry out educational interventions promoting egalitarian relationships, with different techniques. Only nurses female perform screening and counseling to detect cases. Female nurses and male nurses perform interventions to interrupt abusive relationships. There is sensitivity to gender violence and the need to evaluate the effectiveness and profitability of the interventions carried out is evidenced.(AU)

Las metáforas del cuidado en las vivencias y sentimientos de las personas cuidadoras / The metaphors of care in the experien-ces and feelings of caregivers

Objetivo principal: explorar las vivencias y sentimientos sobre el cuidado que manifiestan las personas cuidadoras a través de las metáforas, profundizando en las diferencias de género. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Participaron 24 informantes, 7 pacientes y 17 personas cuidadoras vinculadas a una red de apoyo socio familiar. Se llevó a cabo un análisis del contenido con el software Atlas-ti versión 7®. Resultados principales: Las metáforas expresadas a través de los sentimientos muestran sentimientos comunes en hombres y mujeres: el amor y la satisfacción. Se identificaron sentimientos exclusivos de mujeres, que beben de mandatos de género. Se observó que los hombres se están incorporando al cuidado. Conclusión principal: Las metáforas encontradas desvelan los significados que se atribuyen al cuidado. Las mujeres son conscientes del valor de cuidar, pero lo normalizan. Los hombres esperan reconocimiento social.(AU)

Objective: to explore the experiences and feelings about care that caregiver’s manifest through experiential and emotional metaphors, with special focus on gender differences. Methods: Qualitative study through semi-structured interviews. 24 informants, 7 patients and 17 caregivers participated, linked to a social and family support network. A content analysis was carried out with Atlas-ti version 7® software. Results: The metaphors expressed through feelings show common feelings in men and women: love and satisfaction. Feelings exclusive to women were identified, that come from gender mandates. It was observed that men are joining care more and more. Conclusions: The metaphors found reveal the meanings attributed to care. Women are aware of the value of caring, but they normalize it. Men expect social recognition.(AU)

Estudio de casos sobre la mutilación genital femenina «Jadare» en la cultura fulbe (Guinea Bissau) / Cases studies about female genital mutilation "Jadare" in the culture fulbe (Guinea Bissau) / Estudo de caso sobre mutilação genital feminina «Jadare» na cultura fulbe (Guinea Bissau)

La mutilación genital femenina (MGF) comprende todos los procedimientos que, de forma intencional y por motivos no médicos, alteran o lesionan de forma parcial o total los órganos genitales femeninos, ya sea por motivos culturales o religiosos. Se estima que entre unos 100 y 140 millones de niñas y mujeres de todo el mundo han sufrido algún tipo de mutilación genital femenina. En Europa, afecta aproximadamente a unas 500.000 niñas, y en países como España en torno a 17.000 están en riesgo de sufrir dicha práctica. El principal objetivo de este estudio, es describir la mutilación genital femenina/jadare desde la perspectiva de la cultura fulbe, con el fin de aportar unas medidas estratégicas, que ayuden al profesional de salud a realizar una intervención adecuada. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de casos. Los datos se han obtenidos de las entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a 5 sujetos de la cultura fulbe, tres mujeres y dos hombres; de las conversaciones informales y de observación exhaustiva de los participantes. Actualmente, en la cultura fulbe, tradiciones como la MGF son prácticas habituales que mantienen a pesar de su prohibición. Dentro de la comunidad fula, Jadare es el término usado para referirse a aquellas actividades llevadas a cabo como proceso de iniciación a la edad adulta para las niñas, antes de su primera menstruación y posterior matrimonio. El significado de este día dentro de la cultura Fulbe difiere sustancialmente del sentido que en España y otros países europeos atribuyen a la MGF

OBJECTIVE: Female genital mutilation covers all procedures that, intentionally and for non-medical reasons, alter or damage, partially or totally, the female genital organs whether for cultural or religious reasons. It is estimated that between 100 and 140 million girls and women around the world have suffered one of the first three types of female genital mutilation. "In Europe, it affects approximately 500,000 girls, and in countries such as Spain, around 17,000 girls are at risk of suffering from this practice. The main objective of the study is to describe the female genital mutilation/jadare from the perspective of the Fulbe culture, in order to provide strategic measures, which help the health professional to carry out an appropriate intervention. A case study has been carried out. The data were obtained from the semi-structured interviews conducted with 5 subjects of the Fulbe culture, three women and two men; of informal conversations and thorough observation of the PARTICIPANTS: Currently, in fulbe culture, traditions such as FGM are common practices that they maintain despite their prohibition. Within the Fula community, Jadare is the term used to refer to those activities carried out as a process of initiation into adulthood for girls, before their first menstruation and subsequent marriage. The meaning of this day within the Fulbe culture differs substantially from the meaning that in Spain and other European countries attribute to FGM. After carrying out an exhaustive observation and several interviews, we can confirm that female genital mutilation is a practice implemented within the Fulbe culture by tradition "Co Fina Tauwa". That is the reason why some reject its prohibition

OBJETIVO: A mutilação genital feminina (MGF) inclui todos os procedimentos que, intencionalmente e por razões não médicas, alteram ou afetam parcial ou totalmente os órgãos genitais femininos, seja por razões culturais ou religiosas. Estima-se que entre 100 e 140 milhões de mulheres e mulheres em todo o mundo tenham sido um dos primeiros tipos de mutilação genital feminina. Na Europa, aproximadamente 500.000 meninas e em países como a Espanha, cerca de 17.000. O principal objetivo deste estudo é descrever a mutilação genital feminina/Jadare na perspectiva da cultura, a fim de fornecer medidas estratégicas, ajudar o profissional de saúde a realizar uma intervenção adequada. Foi realizado um estudo de caso. Os dados foram obtidos a partir das entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com 5 sujeitos da cultura Fulbe, três mulheres e dois homens; de conversas informais e observação minuciosa dos participantes. Atualmente, na cultura fulbe, tradições como a MGF são práticas comuns que mantêm apesar de sua proibição. Dentro da comunidade Fula, Jadare é o termo usado para se referir às atividades realizadas como um processo de iniciação na idade adulta para meninas, antes de sua primeira menstruação e casamento subseqüente. O significado deste dia dentro da cultura Fulbe difere substancialmente do significado que na Espanha e outros países europeus atribuem à MGF. Após a realização de uma observação exaustiva e várias entrevistas, podemos confirmar que a mutilação genital feminina é uma prática realizada dentro da cultura Fulbe pela tradição "Co Fina Tauwa". É por isso que alguns rejeitam sua proibição

Diferencias por sexo en la casuística de urgencias domiciliarias atendidas por una enfermera / Sex distribution of the casuistic and nursing care needs attended by emergency nursing at home

Fundamento: Explorar las diferencias por sexo en la casuística de motivos de asistencia y de necesidades de cuidados en la población atendida por la enfermera de urgencias domiciliarias del Distrito Sanitario Málaga. Método: Estudio transversal, con pacientes del Distrito Málaga atendidos por una enfermera de urgencias domiciliarias en turno rotatorio de Enero 2012 a noviembre de 2014. Las variables principales fueron: sexo, edad, motivo de asistencia según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades versión 9 y las necesidades de cuidados basadas en los diagnósticos enfermeros (NANDA). Se hizo un análisis descriptivo estratificado e inferencial con test Chi cuadrado y T-Student, además de regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: 1569 pacientes fueron atendidos, siendo un 63,48% mujeres. Las mujeres se diferenciaron (p< 0,05) el Dolor musculo-esquelético con una mayor frecuencia de Ansiedad. Conclusiones: Las demandas de asistencia de las mujeres casi duplican a las realizadas por los hombres. Se destaca que los motivos de atención y las necesidades de cuidados de las mujeres preponderan aquellas con un componente psicosocial; mientras que, en hombres, predominan solo los problemas urinarios que se relacionan con un componente fisiológico

Objective: To explore the sex distribution of the casuistic and nursing care needs attended by an prehospital emergency nurse in Málaga. Method: Cross-sectional study, including patients from Málaga District attended by an prehospital emergency nurse, in a rotating work schedule, from January 2012 to November 2014. The main variables were: sex, age, demand according to the International Classification of Diseases and nursing care needs according to NANDA Diagnosis. Statistical analysis included descriptive data analysis, Chi-squared test, T-Student and multivariate logistic regression. Result: 1569 patients were attended. 63.48% were women. Women's demand were different from men (p<0,05), highlighting: Arthralgia/pain in limbs and others; Anxiety/Depression; and High/Low blood pressure; and in nursing care needs: Fear/Anxiety, Nausea and Social isolation. On the opposite side, men's demands and nursing care needs were urinary problems. Only in women, musculoskeletal pain were associated with a higher frequency of anxiety (p<0,05). Conclussions: Demands for assistance made by women almost double those made by men; noting that in the casuistic and nursing care needs compared to men preponderate those with a psychosocial component while, on the contrary, prevail urinary problems that are related to a physiological component

Factores sociodemográficos que influyen sobre la ansiedad ante la muerte en estudiantes de Enfermería / Sociodemographic factors that influence the anxiety of death in nursing students

OBJETIVO: Medir el miedo de la propia muerte y la de otra persona en estudiantes de Enfermería y analizar sus relaciones con variables sociodemográficas y con la formación realizada sobre cuidados paliativos. MÉTODO: Diseño observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Participaron 188 estudiantes de Enfermería, que respondieron a un cuestionario con variables sociodemográficas y a la escala de miedo a la muerte de Collet-Lester (CLFDS). Se calculan medias y desviaciones típicas, prueba t de Student, ANOVA y coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Puntuaciones significativamente más altas se obtienen en la subescala miedo a la muerte de otros (MMO) y para las variables: mujer (p = 0,001), creyente (p < 0,05) y persona que no realizó otros estudios sobre cuidados paliativos (p < 0,05). No existen diferencias significativas en cuanto al miedo según contacto relacional o no con la muerte y el morir, respecto a la práctica o no de creencias, ni respecto a los deseos de dedicarse profesionalmente a los cuidados paliativos. Se observan diferencias significativas según el curso académico en 3 de la subescalas. Las variables edad o religiosidad no correlacionan con las subescalas de Collet-Lester. CONCLUSIONES: La formación de los estudiantes de Enfermería en competencias específicas para el acompañamiento al final de la vida ha de incluir habilidades tanto del manejo del propio duelo como de autocuidados espirituales y/o religiosos de los alumnos

OBJECTIVE: To measure the fear of their own death, and that of another person, by nursing students, and analyze its relationship with sociodemographic variables and their training in palliative care. Method: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The participants were 188 nursing students who responded to a questionnaire with sociodemographic variables and the Collet-Lester fear of death scale (CLFDS). The means and standard deviations, Student t test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient were calculated. RESULTS: Significantly higher scores were obtained in subscales 'Fear of death of another', and for the following variables, a woman (p = 001), believer in God (p < 05) and someone who made no other studies on palliative care (p < 05). No significant differences in terms of relational contact with death and dying, or in the practice of belief, or as regards wishing to be professionally devoted to palliative care. Significant differences in three subscales were observed depending on the academic year. Age or religion variables did not correlate with Collet-Lester subscales. CONCLUSIONS: The training of nursing students in specific skills for end of life support, managing personal fear of death, as well as the spiritual and/or religious needs of students

[CARE NURSE AT REFRACTORY SPIRITUAL SUFFERING USING TAXONOMY NANDA-NOC-NIC]. / Atención Enfermera en el sufrimiento spiritual refractario MEDIANTE EL USO DE LA TAXONOMÍA NANDA-NOC-NIC.

This paper introduces the concept of refractory spiritual suffering in the terminal patient, the factors that influence it, the possibility of their assessment and care approach emphasizing the role of nurse care to despair for identification and relief through the use of taxonomy NANDA-NOC-NIC (NNN). We conclude that it is necessary to incorporate into the care routine screening of spiritual suffering, assessment, prevention and interdisciplinary care. When direct care nursing developed aimed at improving levels of hope that the patient achieves his spiritual suffering terminal decline. In refractory spiritual suffering is necessary to consider the option of palliative sedation in which nurses have a crucial role both in their valuation for the indication and in the administration and evaluation of its therapeutic effects.

Atención enfermera en el sufrimiento espiritual refractario mediante el uso de la taxonomía nanda-noc-nic / Care nurse at refractory spiritual suffering using taxonomy nanda-noc-nic

En este trabajo se presenta el concepto de sufrimiento espiritual refractario en el paciente en situación terminal, los factores que influyen sobre el mismo, la posibilidad de su valoración y el abordaje de cuidados destacando el papel de la atención enfermera a la desesperanza para su identificación y alivio, mediante el uso de la taxonomía NANDA-NOC-NIC (N-N-N). Concluimos que se hace necesario incorporar a la rutina asistencial el screening del sufrimiento espiritual, su evaluación, prevención y su atención interdisciplinar. Cuando la enfermería desarrolla cuidados directos orientados a mejorar los niveles de esperanza se logra que el paciente terminal disminuya su sufrimiento espiritual. Ante un sufrimiento espiritual refractario es necesario plantearse la opción de una sedación paliativa en la que enfermería tiene un papel esencial tanto en su valoración para la indicación como en la administración y en la evaluación de sus efectos terapéuticos (AU)

This paper introduces the concept of refractory spiritual suffering in the terminal patient, the factors that influence it, the possibility of their assessment and care approach emphasizing the role of nurse care to despair for identification and relief through the use of taxonomy NANDA-NOC-NIC (NNN). We conclude that it is necessary to incorporate into the care routine screening of spiritual suffering, assessment, prevention and interdisciplinary care. When direct care nursing developed aimed at improving levels of hope that the patient achieves his spiritual suffering terminal decline. In refractory spiritual suffering is necessary to consider the option of palliative sedation in which nurses have a crucial role both in their valuation for the indication and in the administration and evaluation of its therapeutic effects (AU)

El estudio de casos, un instrumento de aprendizaje en la relación de cuidado / Case study, a learning tool of relationship-based care

La Relación de Cuidado es considerada como un proceso de atención integral que incluye los aspectos físicos, emocionales, comunicativos y espirituales que se sustenta en la individualización de los cuidados cuyos ejes principales son la construcción de una relación de confianza y seguridad y el fomento de la autonomía de la persona. El Estudio de casos es un método útil para analizar diferentes situaciones clínicas, identificar puntos fuertes y débiles de la Relación de Cuidado establecida por la enfermera y plantear soluciones y estrategias para mejorarla. Con este trabajo pretendemos mostrar las potencialidades del Estudio de casos como instrumento para aprender y visibilizar la Relación de Cuidado, de manera que pueda ser utilizado tanto para comunicar experiencias obtenidas en la práctica clínica, como para el adiestramiento del estudiante en ciclos degrado y posgrado

Relationship-Based Care is considered as an integral process of caring which includes physical, emotional, communicative and spiritual aspects. It is based on the individualization of care and it requires a relationship of trust, security and promoting personal autonomy. We propose the Case study as a method for analyzing different clinical situations through which we can identify strengths and weaknesses of the relationship established by the nurse and raise solutions and strategies to improve it. The Case study is a useful method to analyze different clinical situations, to identify strengths and weaknesses of the Relationship-Based Care established by the nurse and propose solutions and strategies to improve it. This paper expects to show the potentiality of the Case study as a tool to learn and make visible the Relationship-Based Care, so it can be used to communicate experiences obtained in clinical practice as well as a tool in Bachelor and postgraduate training

Etnografía del cuidador varón en una Unidad de lesionados medulares: análisis de los roles y redes sociales con una perspectiva de género / Etnografia cuidador do sexo masculino em uma unidade de lesões da coluna vertebral: análise dos papéis e das redes sociais com uma perspectiva de gênero / Ethnography male carer in a spinal injuries unit: analysis of the roles and social networks with a gender perspective

Históricamente, el cuidado familiar de las personas mayores en situación de dependencia, ha estado claramente marcado por el factor género del cuidador, de forma que, como muestran muchos estudios, la tarea de cuidar recae, en un 85% de los casos sobre las mujeres. A pesar de esto, el número de cuidadores varones es importante y no se puede olvidar. El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar desde la Antropología Urbana las redes de parentesco de dos pacientes hospitalizados y como estas redes afectan a los roles sociales de los cuidadores varones familiares miembros de esa red. Se ha llevado a cabo a través del método etnográfico. Las técnicas principales que se han utilizado han sido la observación participante y entrevistas en profundidad. Podemos concluir diciendo que en ambos casos existe una relación entre los roles sociales vinculados al empleo y el rol de cuidador, de tal forma que prácticamente en todos los miembros de ambas redes se cumple la incompatibilidad de un empleo con el rol de cuidador (AU)

Historically, the familiar care of the elderly in situation of dependence, has been marked by the factor gender of the carer, this way, many studies show, the task of taking care relapses, in 85 % of the cases on the women. Inspite of this, the number of carer males is important and cannot forget. The principal purpose of this study is to analyze from the Urban Anthropology the networks of kinship of two hospitalized patients and the influence of these networks in the social roles of carer males members of this network. Has been carried out through the ethnographic method. The main techniques that have been used were participant observation and interviews. We can conclude that in both cases there is a relationship between social roles related to employment and the role of carer, this way almost in all members of both networks shows the incompatibility of a work with the role of carer (AU)

Historicamente, o cuidado familiar de idosos em situação de dependência, foi claramente marcada pelo fator do cuidador de gênero, de modo que, como mostrado por muitos estudos, a tarefa de cuidar quedas, em 85% dos casos em mulheres . Apesar disso, o número de cuidadores do sexo masculino é importante enão pode ser esquecido. O objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar redes antropologia urbana de parentes code dois pacientes internados e como você está em rede papéis sociais afetam os cuidadores do sexo masculino de membros da família deque a rede. Foi realizada através do método etnográfico. As principais técnicas que têm sido utilizados foram a observação participante e entrevistas. Podemos concluir que em ambos os casos existe uma relação entre os papéis sociais relacionados ao emprego e ao papel de cuidador, de modo que praticamente todos os membros de ambas as redes encontra um trabalho incompatível com o papel de cuidador (AU)

La Enfermería como rol de género / Nursing as Gender Identity

Históricamente partimos del supuesto teórico, verificado empíricamente, que la profesión de enfermería es propia de las mujeres. Se han asociado en muy diversas sociedades y culturas, y a lo largo del tiempo, el acto de cuidar con el género femenino. Y además, mientras que la mujer ha permanecido invisible, recluida, sumisa y sin ningún prestigio social, la enfermería no ha existido como profesión. Podemos decir que la influencia del género en la profesión enfermera, ha provocado una falta de reconocimiento social de la misma, al estar asociados de forma simbólica los cuidados enfermeros a las cualidades intrínsicamente femeninas. Pero poco a poco esta visión está cambiando. La equidad de género ya es un hecho para muchas personas, de las cuales podemos aprender con su ejemplo de vida y de trabajo (AU)

Historically we assume theoretical, empirically verified that the nursing profession is unique to women. Have been associated in many different societies and cultures, and over time, the act of caring with the female gender. And while women have remained invisible, recluded, submissive and without any social prestige of nursing as a profession has not existed. We can say that the influence of gender in the nursing profession has led to a lack of social recognition of it, to be associated symbolically, nursing care, to the inherently female qualities. But gradually this view is changing. Gender equity is now a reality for many people, of which we can learn from their example of life and work (AU)